Lesson 3

Vocabulary

explosive (n.)    ���Դ

          Any explosive must be handled carefully.

          ���Դ��ͧ�Ѵ��ô��¤������Ѵ���ѧ

 

classify (v.)    ï¿½Ñ´ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½

          Do you know that Broccoli is classified as a vegetable?

          �س����������������ͤ����Ѵ����㹻������ͧ�ѡ

 

detonate (v.)    ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½Ô´ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½Ô´ 

          He plans to detonate the explosive before the sun rises.

          ���ҧἹ�Шش���Դ��͹�ǧ�ҷԵ����

 

instantaneous (adj.)     ï¿½Ç´ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ �ѹ�շѹ�

          The operator�s response to the ringing phone is very fast. It is almost instantaneous.

          ��ԡ����ҵͺʹͧ�ͧ���˹�ҷ���Ѻ���Ѿ�����յ�����§���Ѿ�������ҡ �ѹ������ҧ�ѹ�շѹ�

 

shatter (v.)    áµ¡ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½Â´

          The window shattered when it was hit by a rock.

          ˹�ҵ�ҧᵡ�����´����Ͷ١�Ҵ����Թ

 

fuses (n.)   ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ �Ǵ�С��ǹ�����

What kind of fuse was used in switch board?

          ����쪹Դ㴷�����ἧ��Ե��俿��

 

impact (n.)   �š�з�

          The impact of falling sales causes loss for the company.

          �š�з��ͧ�ʹ��·�赡�����˵ط�������ѷ�Ҵ�ع

 

blow up (v.)     ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½Ô´ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½

          The construction workers blow up the building.

          ���ҹ���Դ����µ֡

 

dynamite (n.)    䴹�����

          Dynamite is a type of high explosive.

          䴹��������ѵ�����Դ�ç�٧

 

composite (adj.)   ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ ��Сͺ��������� ��ǹ

          This is a composite experiment. Many scientists from different fields work on it.

          ����͡�÷��ͧ����Сͺ�ѹ��� �ѡ�Է����ʵ��ҡ�����Ңҷӧҹ�����ѹ

 

composition (n.)   ��ǹ��Сͺ

          Water is a composition of hydrogen and oxygen.

          �������ǹ��Сͺ�������ਹ����͡��ਹ

 

compound (n.)   ��û�Сͺ

          Carbon dioxide is a compound of carbon and two oxygen atoms.

          ����͹��͡䫴�����û�Сͺ�����ҧ����͹�Ѻ�͡��ਹ � ��

 

corrode (v.)   �Ѵ���͹

          Sea water can corrode metal quickly.

          ��ӷ�������ö�Ѵ���͹���������ҧ�Ǵ����

 

corrosion (n.)    ��áѴ���͹

          Coating the surface of tiles will delay corrosion.

          ������ͺ��鹡�����ͧ�Ъ��·�����áѴ���͹���ŧ

 

be to (v.)    ï¿½ï¿½Í§

          All new students are to attend the orientation.

          �ѡ���¹�ء����ͧ���������û������

 

in accordance with      ��仵��

          The armed forces must operate in accordance with Ministry of Defense policy.

          �ͧ�Ѿ��ͧ��ԺѵԵ����º�¢ͧ��з�ǧ������

 

deviate (v.)    ï¿½ï¿½Ò´ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½Í¹  ����¹�ŧ

          Arthur deviated from the architect�s design a little.

          ��������������¹�ŧẺ�ͧʶһ�ԡ��硹���

 

absolute (adj.)   �索Ҵ  ����ó�  

          Mark has absolute power to control the class.

          �������ӹҨ�索Ҵ㹡�äǺ���������¹

 

retain (v.)    ���ѡ��

          Please retain the sales slip if you need to get a refund.

          �ô���ѡ���������� ��Ҥس��ͧ������Ѻ�Թ�׹

 

turn over (v.)    ��ع���¹  ����¹�ŧ

          I�ll turn over my responsibility to anyone the teacher assigns.

          �ѹ����ع���¹�����Ѻ�Դ�ͺ����á���������ͺ����

 

set off (v.)   �ҧ���Դ

          The soldiers try to set off the explosion in their enemies� camp.

          ���þ������ҧ���Դ㹤��¢ͧ�ѵ��

 

interval (n.)   ��ǧ�����ҧ

          The athletes� progress is checked at three week intervals.

          �ա���Ѵ��������˹�Ңͧ�ѡ���ҷء� � �ѻ����

 

wind up (v.)    ����ش  ����� 

          Jason started his career as a salesman and wound up as the owner of the company.

          ��ѹ������Ҫվ���¡���繾�ѡ�ҹ��� �ش�����Ҩ�ŧ���¡������Ңͧ����ѷ

 

Exercise

�����㹪�ͧ��ҧ������Ѿ������ҹ��

explosive                 impact                    in case of                 corrosion

fuse                        classify                    shatter                    absolute

wind up                   be to                      retain                      detonate

turn over                 set off                     interval                   in accordance with

         

1.       Nadia _______________ her position to her subordinate.

2.       TNT is a dangerous ________________.

3.       The ____________ of the earthquake destroys many houses.

4.       A firecracker with a short __________ is very dangerous to light.

5.       How was the information ____________________?

6.       __________________emergency, call 911.

7.       The explosion _________________ the windows.

8.       __________________ on the car is the result of its exposure to the sea water.

9.       Smoking is not allowed here because it might ______________ an explosion.

10.   The tornado warning on radio is repeated at 15 minute _______________.

11.   You had better confess what you have done or you will _____________ in jail.

12.    I have a/an ________________ proof that Alex stole your money.

13.   What kind of device is used to _________________ the explosive?

14.   __________________________the regulations, all the vehicles must be examined at the front gate.

15.   Peter ______________ his interest in insects and continues to experiment with them.

 

Answer key                 

1.       Nadia turned over her position to her subordinate.

2.       TNT is a dangerous explosive.

3.       The impact of the earthquake destroys many houses.

4.       A firecracker with a short fuse is very dangerous to light.

5.       How was the information classified?

6.       In case of emergency, call 911.

7.       The explosion shattered the windows.

8.       Corrosion on the car is the result of its exposure to the sea water.

9.       Smoking is not allowed here because it might set off an explosion.

10.   The tornado warning on radio is repeated at 15 minute intervals.

11.   You had better confess what you have done or you will wind up in jail.

12.    I have an absolute proof that Alex stole your money.

13.   What kind of device is used to detonate the explosive?

14.   In accordance with the regulations, all the vehicles must be examined at the front gate.

15.   Peter retains his interest in insects and continues to experiment with them.

 

 

Grammar

Using BE to

Be to ����� �be required to�, �be supposed to�, �be scheduled to� ���ʴ��������� ��úѧ�Ѻ ���ͺ觪���͹Ҥ�

������ҧ          She was supposed to show up at the party.

                   She was to show up at the party.

 

The train is scheduled to leave before 8:00.

The train is to leave before 8:00.

Exercise

�ӻ���¤���仹���������ó����� be + to

1.       All the military personnel / wear uniforms.

____________________________________________________

 

2.       Susan see / dentist / next week.

____________________________________________________

 

3.       Classes / start / on Monday.

____________________________________________________

 

4.       test results / announced / today?

____________________________________________________

 

5.       restaurant  / serve / dinner / 1800.

____________________________________________________

 

6.       I / meet / CAPT Kentucky / 1000.

_____________________________________________________

 

7.       parcel / arrive / tomorrow morning.

_____________________________________________________

 

8.       basic trainees / report / LT Green.

_____________________________________________________

 

9.       Jennifer / be named / Chairman of the meeting / next week.

_____________________________________________________

 

10.   CDR Peterson / visit / Germany / in the winter.

_____________________________________________________

 

 

Answer key

1.      All the military personnel are to wear uniforms.

2.         Susan is to see the dentist next week.

3.         Classes are to start on Monday.

4.         Are the test results to be announced today?

5.         The restaurant is to serve dinner at 1800.

6.         I am to meet CAPT Kentucky at 1000.

7.         The parcel is to arrive tomorrow morning.

8.         The basic trainees are to report to LT Green.

9.         Jennifer is to be named Chairman of the meeting next week.

10.     CDR Peterson is to visit Germany in the winter.

 

Embedded questions

(����¤�Ӷ����͹)

1.              ��駤Ӷ�� yes / no ��� question-word ����ö������㹻���¤����� �¨С�����͹ػ���¤����˹�ҷ���繤ӹ�� (noun clause) ��з�˹�ҷ���� embedded question

 

2.              ͹ػ���¤����˹�ҷ���繤ӹ�� ������鹵鹴��� question-word �� embedded question-word question

 

������ҧ      How much does the ticket cost?  (question-word question)

    I don�t know how much the ticket costs?  (embedded clause)

 

3.              ͹ػ���¤����˹�ҷ���繤ӹ�� ������鹵鹴��� if ���� whether �� embedded yes / no question

 

������ҧ      Is Betty flying to London?   (yes / no question)

                Do you know if / whether Betty is flying to London?  (embedded clause)

 

4.              ����ͤӶ���١���ҫ�͹  ������§�Ө�����¹�

 

������ҧ     How did Mark go to Paris?

               (question word � auxiliary verb � subject - main verb)

 

               I don�t know how Mark went to Paris.

               (question word � subject - main verb)

 

  Has she eaten?

  (auxiliary verb � subject � main verb)

       

                       Do you know if she has eaten?

                       (conjunction �subject- auxiliary verb �main verb)

 

5.              ͹ػ���¤����˹�ҷ���繤ӹ�� ����ö���繻�иҹ���͡�����

a.       ͹ػ���¤����˹�ҷ���繤ӹ��㹵��˹觻�иҹ

 

������ҧ     What she said is still a secret.

               How he went to China is not yet known.           

               

b.       ͹ػ���¤����˹�ҷ���繤ӹ��㹵��˹觡��� �е����ѧ��� �ӷ��մ�����㹻���¤���仹��

 

������ҧ     I don�t know how much it costs.

               I don�t understand what she said.

               I wonder why they leave school.

               Do you know which bus goes to downtown?

               Ask him / her where we can find the finest restaurant here.

               Can you tell me what time it is?

 

Exercise

����շ���˹���� ��     I don�t know       I wonder        I�m not sure      I have no idea   ã¹»ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½Â¤ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ä»¹ï¿½ï¿½

 

1.         What is Julia�s telephone number?

___________________________________________________________________

 

2.       Who is that man?

___________________________________________________________________

 

3.       Why did Jason quit his job?

___________________________________________________________________

 

4.       Should I buy a new house?

__________________________________________________________________

 

5.       What did she say?

__________________________________________________________________

 

6.       Does Adam have to take a test?

__________________________________________________________________

 

7.       Whose bag is that?

__________________________________________________________________

 

8.       How long will Thomas stay in Hong Kong?

__________________________________________________________________

 

1.       Where did Sarah and Jenny go shopping?

___________________________________________________________________

 

2.       Is there a supermarket around here?

___________________________________________________________________

 

Answer key

1.         I don�t know what Julia�s telephone number is.

2.         I wonder who that man is.    

3.         I don�t know why Jason quit his job.

4.         I wonder if / whether I should buy a new house.

5.         I�m not sure what she said.      

6.         I have no idea if / whether Adam has to take a test. 

7.         I don�t know whose bag it is.

8.         I have no idea how long Thomas will stay in Hong Kong.

9.         I�m not sure where Sarah and Jenny went shopping.

10.     I wonder if / whether there is a supermarket around here.

 

-ever words

 

-ever ������������� �����

 

������ҧ          whoever         Anyone who volunteers for this charity will get a certificate.

                                 Whoever volunteers for this charity will get a certificate.

 

whomever      You can give this book to anyone you like.

                   You can give this book to whomever you like.

                                

whatever       Anything you do will benefit everyone.

                   Whatever you do will benefit everyone.

 

whenever       We can leave any time we are ready.

                   We can leave whenever we are ready.

                  

whichever      Sally buys anything she wants.

Sally buys whichever she wants.

                  

however        Peter drives any way he pleases.

                                      Peter drives however he pleases.

 

wherever       You can sit any place you want.

                   You can sit wherever you want.

 

Exercise

�ӻ���¤����ҹ���������ó��¡�����  -ever

 

1.       You may give this reward to anyone the class votes for.

________________________________________________________________________

 

2.       I will give you anything you ask for.

________________________________________________________________________

 

3.       Susan can go any place she wishes.

________________________________________________________________________

 

4.       You can decorate this room any way you want.

________________________________________________________________________

 

5.       Jan said we could start the party any time we were ready.

_________________________________________________________________________

 

6.       Anyone that has a mobile phone can call.

_________________________________________________________________________

 

7.       These seats are available. You can sit any place you please.

_________________________________________________________________________

 

8.       Mary can buy any dress she wants as long as she has.

_________________________________________________________________________

 

Answer key

1.       You may give this reward to whoever the class votes for.

2.       I will give you whatever you ask for.

3.       Susan can go wherever she wishes.

4.       You can decorate this room however you want.

5.       Jan said we could start the party whenever we were ready.

6.       Whoever that has a mobile phone can call.

7.       These seats are available. You can sit wherever you please.

8.       Mary can buy whatever she wants as long as she has.

 

Function

Obligations

(��������)

          Obligation ���¶֧˹�ҷ�� �����Ѻ�Դ�ͺ���ͤ������� ���͡�� � ������ ��� �������繷��������ҧ������ͧ ��Ф������繷����仵����������Т�������������ླ� ����Ҩ������Ҵѧ��������ʴ������繤�������

  

           be to                             need to                               have got to

           must                              promise (to)                         be required to

           should                           have  to                               be supposed to

 

 

�ӹǹ���仹���繡���ʴ���������

 

He has an obligation to�������.            I told him I�d �����������������

She said that she�d ���������..           We�re committed to ������������..

I�m under an obligation to�����..           He has a commitment to ���������..

They�re responsible for �������           It�s my responsibility to �����������

 

 

�ӹǹ���仹���繡���ʴ�����������

 

You don�t need to ������������         They haven�t made any promises.

I�m under no obligation to ������..          I didn�t want to commit myself.

No one expects you to ���������         That�s not your responsibility.

I never told him that I�d �������...          That�s really not her job.

 

������ҧ

          You must take off your shoes before entering the temple.

          �س��ͧ�ʹ�ͧ��ҡ�͹����Ѵ

 

          We�re not required to attend the seminar.

          �ǡ��������١�ѧ�Ѻ����������������

                       

          Am I supposed to be in class by 08.00?

          ���١�Ҵ��ѧ��������ͧ���¹��͹Ỵ����������Ѻ

                       

          I promised my sister I�d take her to the museum.

          �ѹ�ѭ�ҡѺ��ͧ��Ǣͧ�ѹ��Ҩо���仾ԾԸ�ѳ��

 

          It�s a secretary�s responsibility to arrange the meeting for her boss.

          �ѹ��˹�ҷ������Ѻ�Դ�ͺ�ͧ�Ţҹء�÷��е�ͧ�Ѵ��Ъ�������ҹ��

                       

          Students have an obligation to pay much attention in class.

          �ѡ���¹�ء�����繵�ͧ���㨡�����¹����ҡ�

                       

          Doctors and nurses are committed to taking care of their patients.

          �����о�Һ����˹�ҷ���ͧ���Ť���

 

The grocery store must not sell alcoholic beverages and cigarettes to persons under 18.

          ��ҹ��¢ͧ�ӵ�ͧ���������ͧ������š�������к��������Ѻ�����ص�ӡ��� �� ��

 

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